Grid Map Pcl

Overview

This is a C++ package integrated with ROS for computing 2.5D elevation maps from pcl types. Currently, supported types are point clouds and meshes.

Converting a mesh to a grid map

The elevation is computed by raytracing lines coming from the grid map cells and computing their intersection with the mesh.

Converting a raw pointcloud to a grid map

The elevation is computed by slicing the point cloud in the x-y plane into columns. Column location and size correspond to the location and size of grid map cells in the point cloud coordinate frame. Subsequently, the clustering of points inside each column is performed and the elevation of the lowest or highest cluster (min/max z coordinate) is assumed to be the terrain elevation. The elevation of the cluster is computed as a mean of all positions from the points that belong to a cluster. All calculations are performed in the pointcloud frame.

Authors: Edo Jelavic, Dominic Jud
Affiliation: ETH Zurich, Robotics Systems Lab

Publications

The code for point cloud to grid map conversion has been developed as a part of research on autonomous precision harvesting. If you are using the point cloud to grid map conversion, please add the following citation to your publication:

Jelavic, E., Jud, D., Egli, P. and Hutter, M., 2021. Towards Autonomous Robotic Precision Harvesting: Mapping, Localization, Planning and Control for a Legged Tree Harvester.

@article{jelavic2021towards,
    title={Towards Autonomous Robotic Precision Harvesting: Mapping, Localization, Planning and Control for a Legged Tree Harvester},
    author={Jelavic, Edo and Jud, Dominic and Egli, Pascal and Hutter, Marco},
    journal={Field Robotics},
    year={2021},
    publisher={Wiley}
}

Examples

Examples of elevation maps computed from point clouds using this package:

Outdoor dataset example

Forest dataset example

Indoor dataset example

Usage

The algorithm will open the .pcd file, convert the point cloud to a grid map and save the grid map as a rosbag into the folder specified by the user.

1. Place your .pcd file in the package folder or anywhere on the system (e.g. /.../grid_map_pcl/data/example.pcd).
2. Modify the pcd_filename inside the launch file such that it points to the .pcd file you would like to process (e.g. /.../grid_map_pcl/data/example.pcd). Set the output_grid_map variable to point to the location where you wish to save the resulting grid map (e.g. /.../grid_map_pcl/data/example_grid_map.bag)
3. Change the configFilePath_ variable in the launch file to point to the .yaml file with configuration parameters (e.g. /.../grid_map_pcl/config/parameters.yaml)
4. You can run the algorithm with: roslaunch grid_map_pcl grid_map_pcl_loader_node.launch
5. Once the algorithm is done you will see the output in the console, and it should visualize the point cloud and the grid map in rviz. If that does not happen, then you can run rviz in a separate terminal (make sure that you have sourced your workspace, DO NOT CLOSE the terminal where grid_map_pcl_loader_node is running ) and visualize the resulting grid map. Instructions on how to visualize a grid map are in the grid map README.

The resulting grid map will be saved in to the location pointed by output_grid_map variable in the launch file. For large point clouds (100M-140M points) the algorithm takes about 30-60 min to finish (with 6 threads). For sizes that are in the range of 40M to 60M points, the runtime varies between 5 and 15 min, depending on the number of points. Point cloud with around 10M points or less can be processed in a minute or two.

Parameters

Algorithm Parameters (conversion from raw point clouds)

General parameters

• pcl_grid_map_extraction/num_processing_threads Number of threads for processing grid map cells. Filtering of the raw input point cloud is not parallelized.

Grid map parameters

Resulting grid map parameters.

• pcl_grid_map_extraction/grid_map/min_num_points_per_cell Minimum number of points in the point cloud that have to fall within any of the grid map cells. Otherwise the cell elevation will be set to NaN.
• pcl_grid_map_extraction/grid_map/max_num_points_per_cell Maximum number of points in the point cloud that are allowed to fall within any of the grid map cells. If there is more points, the value will be set to NaN. This number can be used to ignore cells with a lot of points which speeds up the processing (but results with some holes in the map).
• pcl_grid_map_extraction/grid_map/resolution Resolution of the grid map. Width and lengths are computed automatically.

Point Cloud Pre-processing Parameters

Rigid body transform parameters

Rigid body transorm that is applied to the point cloud before computing elevation.

• pcl_grid_map_extraction/cloud_transform/translation Translation (xyz) that is applied to the input point cloud before computing elevation.
• pcl_grid_map_extraction/cloud_transform/rotation Rotation (intrinsic rotation, convention X-Y’-Z’’) that is applied to the input point cloud before computing elevation.

Cluster extraction parameters

Cluster extraction is based on pcl algorithms. See: http://pointclouds.org/documentation/tutorials/cluster_extraction.php for more details.

• pcl_grid_map_extraction/cluster_extraction/cluster_tolerance Distance between points below which they will still be considered part of one cluster.
• pcl_grid_map_extraction/cluster_extraction/min_num_points Min number of points that a cluster needs to have (otherwise it will be discarded).
• pcl_grid_map_extraction/cluster_extraction/max_num_points Max number of points that a cluster can have (otherwise it will be discarded).
• pcl_grid_map_extraction/cluster_extraction/use_max_height_as_cell_elevation Use the maximum cluster to extract the cell height. If false (default), the lowest cluster is taken.

Outlier removal parameters

See http://pointclouds.org/documentation/tutorials/statistical_outlier.php for more explanation on outlier removal.

• pcl_grid_map_extraction/outlier_removal/is_remove_outliers* Whether to perform statisctical outlier removal.
• pcl_grid_map_extraction/outlier_removal/mean_K* Number of neighbours to analyze for estimating statistics of a point.
• pcl_grid_map_extraction/outlier_removal/stddev_threshold* Number of standard deviations under which points are considered to be inliers.

Subsampling parameters

See http://pointclouds.org/documentation/tutorials/voxel_grid.php for more explanation on point cloud downsampling

• pcl_grid_map_extraction/downsampling/is_downsample_cloud Whether to perform downsampling or not.
• pcl_grid_map_extraction/downsampling/voxel_size Voxel sizes (xyz) in meters.

Changelog for package grid_map_pcl

1.7.0 (2022-03-17)

1.6.4 (2020-12-04)

1.6.2 (2019-10-14)

1.6.1 (2019-02-27)

• Updated host changes.
• Updated author e-mail address.
• Contributors: Peter Fankhauser, Péter Fankhauser

1.6.0 (2017-11-24)

1.5.2 (2017-07-25)

1.5.1 (2017-07-25)

1.5.0 (2017-07-18)

• Improved efficiency of mesh conversion.
• Contributors: Alex Millane

1.4.2 (2017-01-24)

• Addressing C++ compiler warnings.
• Contributors: Peter Fankhauser

1.4.1 (2016-10-23)

• Added new grid_map_pcl package to convert from PCL mesh to grid map.
• Contributors: Dominic Jud