autoware_sensing_msgs

GNSS/INS sensor messages

Possible Data Types:

• Position
• Orientation
• Twist (Velocity)
  • linear
  • angular
• Accel
  • linear
  • angular

Position

For this information, you can use the NavSatFix message.

If the sensor provides MSL(Mean Sea Level) for altitude, you can use it for the altitude field.

• sensor_msgs/NavSatFix following fields are used:
  • std_msgs/Header header
  • float64 latitude
  • float64 longitude
  • float64 altitude
  • float64[9] position_covariance

For detailed info about the east, north, up, see the Coordinate Axes Conventions.

Orientation

GnssInsOrientationStamped.msg

This message contains the GNSS-INS orientation information.

The orientation is represented by a quaternion.

If the sensor provides roll, pitch, yaw; you should convert it to quaternion.

• Example with tf2.

For detailed info about the roll, pitch, yaw and rotation axes see the Coordinate Axes Conventions.

Velocity

For this information, you can use the TwistWithCovarianceStamped message.

Its structure is as follows:

• geometry_msgs/TwistWithCovarianceStamped following fields are used:

  • std_msgs/Header header
  • geometry_msgs/TwistWithCovariance twist
    • geometry_msgs/Twist twist
      • geometry_msgs/Vector3 linear
      • geometry_msgs/Vector3 angular
    • float64[36] covariance
• The linear field contains the linear velocities in the x, y, z axes.
• The angular field contains the angular velocities in the x, y, z axes.
• The covariance matrix parameters are linear and angular velocities in order.

For detailed info about the covariance matrix RMSE? Variances? Covariance Matrix?.

Acceleration

For this information, you can use the AccelWithCovarianceStamped message.

Its structure is as follows:

• geometry_msgs/AccelWithCovarianceStamped following fields are used:

  • std_msgs/Header header
  • geometry_msgs/AccelWithCovariance accel
    • geometry_msgs/Accel accel
      • geometry_msgs/Vector3 linear
      • geometry_msgs/Vector3 angular
    • float64[36] covariance
• The linear field contains the linear accelerations in the x, y, z axes.
• The angular field contains the angular accelerations in the x, y, z axes.
• The covariance matrix parameters are linear and angular accelerations in order.

For detailed info about the covariance matrix RMSE? Variances? Covariance Matrix?.

Design

Coordinate Frames

Frames used in Autoware are defined as follows:

flowchart LR
    earth --> Map[map] --> base_link
    base_link --> gnss_ins
    base_link --> sensor_a
    base_link --> sensor_b

In Autoware, the earth frame is mostly omitted, only used in the GnssInsPositionStamped message.

The map frame is used as the stationary reference frame.

The map frame’s axes point to the East, North, Up directions as explained in Coordinate Axes Conventions.

The base_link is the center of the rear axle of the vehicle.

Map[map] --> base_link is the main transformation that is attempted to be estimated by various localization modules. This transformation is output by the EKF(Extended Kalman Filter) localization module.

Other sensors’ frames are defined with respect to the base_link frame in the vehicle.

Estimating the base_link frame by using the other sensors

Generally we don’t have the localization sensors physically at the base_link frame. So various sensors localize with respect to their own frames, let’s call it sensor frame.

We introduce a new frame naming convention: x_by_y:

x: estimated frame name
y: localization method/source

We cannot directly get the sensor frame. Because we would need the EKF module to estimate the base_link frame first.

Without the EKF module the best we can do is to estimate Map[map] --> sensor_by_sensor --> base_link_by_sensor using this sensor.

Example by the GNSS/INS sensor

For the integrated GNSS/INS we use the following frames:

flowchart LR
    earth --> Map[map] --> gnss_ins_by_gnss_ins --> base_link_by_gnss_ins

The gnss_ins_by_gnss_ins frame is obtained by the coordinates from GNSS/INS sensor. The coordinates are converted to map frame using the gnss_poser node.

Finally gnss_ins_by_gnss_ins frame represents the position of the gnss_ins estimated by the gnss_ins sensor in the map.

Then by using the static transformation between gnss_ins and the base_link frame, we can obtain the base_link_by_gnss_ins frame. Which represents the base_link estimated by the gnss_ins sensor.

References:

• https://www.ros.org/reps/rep-0105.html#earth

Coordinate Axes Conventions

We are using East, North, Up (ENU) coordinate axes convention by default throughout the stack.

X+: East
Y+: North
Z+: Up

The position, orientation, velocity, acceleration are all defined in the same axis convention.

Position by the GNSS/INS sensor is expected to be in earth frame.

Orientation, velocity, acceleration by the GNSS/INS sensor are expected to be in the sensor frame. Axes parallel to the map frame.

If roll, pitch, yaw is provided, they correspond to rotation around X, Y, Z axes respectively.

Rotation around:
  X+: roll
  Y+: pitch
  Z+: yaw

References:

• https://www.ros.org/reps/rep-0103.html#axis-orientation

RMSE? Variances? Covariance Matrix?

Definitions

RMSE: Root Mean Square Error is a measure of the differences between values predicted by a model or an estimator and the values observed.

Variance: Squared deviation of a random variable from its sample mean.

Covariance: A measure of the joint variability of two random variables.

Covariance Matrix: A square matrix giving the covariance between each pair of elements of a given random vector

Simplified usage in Autoware

RMSE² = Variance

A covariance matrix is of n random variables is an n×n matrix.

Covariance with itself is the variance of the random variable.

The diagonal elements of the covariance matrix are the variances of the random variables.

In Autoware, only these variance values are used, mostly in the RMSE form. The rest of the covariance matrix is not used, can be left 0.0.

Example for TwistWithCovariance

This message contains the linear and angular velocities and the covariance matrix.

Let’s call RMSE values for these calculations as σ_x, σ_y, σ_z, σ_r, σ_p, σ_y.

The covariance matrix can be constructed as follows:

In the message file, it is a float64[36] array. We fill the indices at i*7, i:[0,6], making up 0,7,14,21,28,35th indices of this array.

References:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-square_deviation
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance#Biased_sample_variance
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance#Covariance_with_itself
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_matrix

Q/A

• Why is position and orientation not combined as a PoseWithCovarianceStamped message?
  • Modern GNSS/INS sensors provide both of these together but more affordable gnss only sensors might provide only position information.
  • We separated them to allow if the INS sensor is separate, the orientation information can be extracted from there with aid of a magnetometer.

Changelog for package autoware_sensing_msgs

1.2.0 (2024-10-01)

1.1.0 (2024-05-10)

• chore: update [package.xml]{.title-ref} and fix [CMakeLists.txt]{.title-ref} (#91) update package.xml and fix cmakefiles
• feat(sensing-messages): add sensing messages (#24)
  • feat(sensing-messages): add sensing messages
• Contributors: M. Fatih Cırıt, Yutaka Kondo